This is while Muslims, unlike them, even though they call on other than Allah in practice, do not associate partners with Allah in the creation, provision of sustenance, and creational management of created beings in belief, but rather they consider other than Allah in need of His permission for good and evil, acknowledge the term «لا إله إلّا اللّه»; “There is no god but Allah”, confirm the Prophets and what has been sent down to them, and believe in the Hereafter and the Day of Judgment, and therefore, comparing them with the polytheists in the time of the Prophet is unfair and not possible except with obvious carelessness and negligence. Although calling on other than Allah in their absence, as it was made clear, is considered as abandonment of the preferred and does not befit Muslims with any justification whatsoever; because the preferred in any case is to call on Allah Who is more Hearing, more Merciful, and more Granting than everyone else; to the extent that with His existence, there is no need to call on other than Him, even if it is a sacred created being.

[Allah is One in legislation]

The second dimension is legislation in the sense of making rulings for created beings; considering that it is contingent on perfect knowledge about all created beings and all their benefits and evils, in order to determine the necessary obligations and prohibitions for their mandatory guidance toward their perfection, while such knowledge exists for their Creator alone; as He has said: ﴿هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَسَوَّاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ ۚ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ﴾[1]; “He is the One Who created everything on the earth for you. Then He turned toward the heaven and perfected it as seven heavens, and He has full knowledge of everything,” and said: ﴿أَلَا يَعْلَمُ مَنْ خَلَقَ وَهُوَ اللَّطِيفُ الْخَبِيرُ﴾[2]; “Does He Who created not know? While He is the Subtle, the Aware,” and therefore, it is clear that none but He is qualified to make a thing permissible or forbidden to another thing; because making a thing permissible or forbidden to another thing requires knowledge about them and their proportionality or lack of proportionality to each other, and that is not possible but for their Creator; as He has said: ﴿قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ مِنْ رِزْقٍ فَجَعَلْتُمْ مِنْهُ حَرَامًا وَحَلَالًا قُلْ آللَّهُ أَذِنَ لَكُمْ ۖ أَمْ عَلَى اللَّهِ تَفْتَرُونَ﴾[3]; “Say: ‘Have you seen the sustenance that Allah has sent down to you, some (of which) you have made unlawful and some lawful?!’ Say: ‘Did Allah give you permission (to do so), or are you fabricating lies against Allah?!’”