Yes, those who consider themselves Muslims, yet recognize a share in takwin for anyone other than Allah—for example, by calling upon the deceased to increase their sustenance, heal their illness, and destroy their enemy—act like polytheists, but are not considered polytheists. This is because, as has become clear, although their deed is similar to that of polytheists, their belief is different from that of polytheists; considering that, apparently, their deed is carried out with the belief that Allah is One in creation, provision, and creational management of beings, and arises from the assumption that there is no contradiction between these two. It is clear that their belief is not ignored merely because of their deed. Likewise, if they are asked who the Creator, Provider, and Manager of beings is, they say, “Allah,” and do not associate anyone else with Him. However, the Salafists consider that this belief and acknowledgment of theirs is not sufficient to establish their Islam, since the polytheists in the time of the Prophet also held a similar belief and acknowledgment, but it was not considered sufficient to establish their Islam because they called upon idols; as Allah has said about them: ﴿وَلَئِنْ سَأَلْتَهُمْ مَنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّهُ﴾[1]; “And if you ask them who created the heavens and the Earth, they will surely say: ‘Allah’,” and: ﴿قُلْ مَنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصَارَ وَمَنْ يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَمَنْ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ ۚ فَسَيَقُولُونَ اللَّهُ ۚ فَقُلْ أَفَلَا تَتَّقُونَ﴾[2]; “Say: ‘Who provides for you from the heaven and the Earth? Or who owns your hearing and your sight? And who brings the living out of the dead, and the dead out of the living? And who manages the affair?’ Then they will say: ‘Allah.’ Say: ‘Will you not then be pious?!’” However, the truth is that this similarity in action is not sufficient to negate the Islam of the People of the Qiblah, since it is certain that the polytheists in the time of the Prophet refused to acknowledge the statement “There is no god but Allah”;