For example, in verses from the thirty-fourth chapter of the Book of Deuteronomy in the Torah, it has been stated: “So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the Lord, and He buried him in the valley in the land of Moab opposite Beth-peor; but no one knows the place of his burial to this day.” This explicitly indicates that it was written by an author after the time of Musa . The writing of the Gospel has also clearly been attributed to individuals such as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—each of whom wrote it in a time after Isa and in a manner different from the others. Moreover, neither of these two books has been transmitted through a continuous chain and by known narrators, and thus they lack historical authenticity. Similarly, the existence of individuals with the characteristics of Musa and Isa —although widely known—is not historically established or certain; because the era in which they are believed to have lived falls within the dark half of history—that is, writing had not yet flourished or developed sufficiently, and communication between civilized nations was limited. Therefore, the reports from that era have been tainted with illusions and myths. Furthermore, the book attributed to those two is not textually miraculous, and no one has considered it a miracle either; accordingly, regardless of its historical issues, it is not sufficient to prove their Prophethood. Moreover, the miracles attributed to them—such as turning a walking stick into a serpent and raising the dead by Allah’s permission—have not been narrated from them in an attributed and widely transmitted manner; in the sense that it is not precisely known who witnessed their miracles, to whom they narrated them, and how they were passed down to later generations and became well-known. Therefore, certainty about the Prophethood of Musa and Isa and about the authenticity of the book attributed to them is not attainable for those living today. It is clear that conjecture about these matters is also insufficient for following them; because conjecture lacks inherent authority and is not rational regarding such matters.

[Recognizing the Last Prophet]

However, unlike the book attributed to Musa and Isa , the Book attributed to Muhammad is clearly in the words of Allah and contains no phrase that would necessitate its issuance from anyone other than Him. More importantly, it was written down during his time and transmitted—through a continuous chain—by him to a well-known and large number of his companions, and by them to a well-known and large number of subsequent Muslims—in a single and consistent form—and spread across the eastern and western parts of the Earth. Therefore, it is mutawatir and beyond doubt;