because the rivalry of his companions after him, regardless of the motives behind it, led to the dominance of the current opposing his Ahl al-Bayt and brought to power a political system that considered the ruler’s mere belief in Islam sufficient for the establishment of the Islamic government and did not believe in the necessity of his appointment by Allah as His caliph on the Earth. Although this incorrect orientation did not reveal its destructive and horrifying effects in the early decades of Islam due to the partial commitment of the first rulers to Islam, it soon proved its incorrectness with their death and the rise of another group that had no commitment to Islam; because this group—which had a history of the most hostility toward Islam and the least benefit from its teachings during the time of the Messenger of Allah —with the support of newly converted Muslims from conquered lands who, naturally, had no knowledge of Islam, sidelined their rivals from the Muhajirin and the Ansar, seized control of the government over Muslims, and openly transformed what had previously been called the “caliphate,” due to some of its outward resemblances to the government of the Prophet , into the kingship of Khosrow and Caesar. Furthermore, by propagating non-Islamic approaches among Muslims, such as aversion to the intellect, reliance on transmitted reports, advocacy of predestination, hostility toward the Ahl al-Bayt, and submission to oppression, which gained approval and support from the Ahl al-Hadith in the second and third centuries, they openly replaced Islamic culture with Umayyad culture and made it extremely difficult for subsequent generations of Muslims to know the original and perfect Islam.

Undoubtedly, the rule of the sons of Umayyah, at the most critical juncture in the history of Muslims—when any event could have become a model for them—brought Islam back to its period of estrangement in the earliest days of the mission of the Messenger of Allah . Rather, it completely altered its nature and made dominant an understanding of it that has brought nothing but misery and helplessness to Muslims, and its devastating consequences remain to this day, like a wound on the body of Muslims.